基于卫星遥感和地面观测资料的汾渭平原空气污染分析     

高星星  桂海林  潘留杰  王楠  王建鹏 《气象与环境学报》2020,36(4):36-44

选取中国汾渭平原地区作为研究对象,利用MODIS、OMI和CALIPSO多源卫星遥感资料,同时结合环境监测国控站点污染6要素等逐小时地面环境监测数据以及能见度、霾天气现象记录等地面气象要素资料,综合分析了2013—2018年秋冬季汾渭平原空气质量状况、气溶胶的组分,探讨了卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD）与地面污染物浓度的关系,并结合中国气象局化学天气预报系统-EMI评估模式（CUACE-EMI）资料对气象条件和污染减排影响进行评估。结果表明：11个代表城市中有6个城市秋冬季有接近或超过一半的时刻处于污染状态,且污染发生时,各代表城市大多数时刻处于中度及其以上污染级别;三门峡、临汾、运城和西安是霾和重度霾高发的城市,其重度霾爆发频率高达11.63%—14.78%;汾渭平原秋冬季首要污染物为PM_2.5和PM₁₀,以污染沙尘、沙漠沙尘和烟尘为主,出现频率分别为36.24%、25.14%和22.96%;MODIS AOD与空气质量指数（Air Quality Index,AQI）、PM_2.5、PM₁₀质量浓度之间的相关系数分别为0.72、0.70和0.64;汾渭平原2018年气象条件的变化使PM_2.5浓度较2013年、2014年、2015年、2016年和2017年同期上升了17.06%、1.58%、4.34%、11.25%和5.75%,减排措施使PM_2.5浓度较2013年、2014年、2015年、2016年和2017年同期分别下降了8.74%、28.01%、4.93%、3.16%和42.62%。  相似文献   

Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Plant Functional Traits in Freshwater Wetland of Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

MAO Rong  ZHANG Xinhou  SONG Changchun 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2014,(6):674-681

To clarify the responses of plant functional traits to nitrogen（N） enrichment, we investigated the whole-plant traits（plant height and aboveground biomass）, leaf morphological（specific leaf area（SLA） and leaf dry mass content（LDMC）） and chemical traits（leaf N concentration（LNC） and leaf phosphorus（P） concentration（LPC）） of Deyeuxia angustifolia and Glyceria spiculosa following seven consecutive years of N addition at four rates（0 g N/（m^2·yr）, 6 g N/（m^2·yr）, 12 g N/（m^2·yr） and 24 g N/（m^2·yr）） in a freshwater marsh in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results showed that, for both D. angustifolia and G. spiculosa, N addition generally increased plant height, leaf, stem and total aboveground biomass, but did not cause changes in SLA and LDMC. Moreover, increased N availability caused an increase in LNC, and did not affect LPC. Thus, N addition decreased leaf C∶N ratio, but caused an increase in leaf N∶P ratio, and did not affect leaf C∶P ratio. Our results suggest that, in the mid-term, elevated N loading does not alter leaf morphological traits, but causes substantial changes in whole-plant traits and leaf chemical traits in temperate freshwater wetlands. These may help to better understand the effects of N enrichment on plant functional traits and thus ecosystem structure and functioning in freshwater wetlands.  相似文献   

Impact of the shrinking winter wheat sown area on agricultural water consumption in the Hebei Plain简   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

WANG Xue  LI Xiubin  XIN Liangjie 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(2):313-330

This study firstly analyzed the shrinkage of winter wheat and the changes of crop- ping systems in the Hebei Plain from 1998 to 2010 based on the agricultural statistic data of 11 cities and meteorological data, including daily temperature, precipitation, water vapor, wind speed and minimum relative humidity data from 22 meteorological stations, and then calcu- lated the water deficit and irrigation water resources required by different cropping systems, as well as the irrigation water resources conserved as a result of cropping system changes, using crop coefficient method and every ten-day effective precipitation estimation method. The results are as follows. 1） The sown areas of winter wheat in the 11 cities in the Hebei Plain all shrunk during the study period. The shrinkage rate was 16.07% and the total shrinkage area amounted to 49.62×10^4 ha. The shrinkage was most serious in the Bei- jing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan agglomerate, with a shrinkage rate of 47.23%. 2） The precipitation fill rate of winter wheat was only 20%-30%, while those of spring maize and summer maize both exceeded 50%. The irrigation water resources demanded by the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system ranged from 400 mm to 530 mm, while those demanded by the spring maize single cropping system ranged only from 160 mm to 210 ram. 3） The water resources conserved as a result of the winter wheat sown area shrinkage during the study period were about 15.96×10^8 m^3/a, accounting for 27.85% of those provided for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei by the first phase of the Mid-Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.  相似文献   

基于MODIS数据的松辽平原土地退化宏观评估   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

卢远  林年丰 《地理与地理信息科学》2004,20(3):22-25

该文利用植被指数、最小噪声化变换、纯净像元指数和匹配滤波等遥感信息定量分析方法,从MDDIS陆地观测数据中提取反映松辽平原土地退化状况的植被覆盖、盐碱化和沙漠化信息,实现土地退化制图及土地退化格局分析。MODIS数据及其定量分析技术,对干旱区与半干旱区土地退化的宏观监测具有重要作用。  相似文献   

松嫩平原东部浅层地下水水化学特征及水质评价          下载免费PDF全文

高月  卞建民  张真真 《水文》2014,34(4):50-54

针对松嫩平原东部浅层地下水环境特征及存在的问题,利用该区地下水水质检测数据进行了水化学特征分析,利用1983年、1993年、2003年及2012年四个时段的地下水水质资料进行了对比分析,水质出现了明显的变化,在此基础上采用支持向量机法进行了水质现状评价。结果表明:第四系潜水及承压水中Fe、Mn含量较高,总硬度最大值1321.12mg/L,溶解性总固体最大值2214.45mg/L,水化学类型均为矿化度不大于1.5g/L的HCO3-Ca型水。NO3-、NH4+、Cl-、SO42-的含量呈现逐年增加的趋势,同时也出现了原来没有的酚、Cr6+等有毒物质。潜水Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水样点占总样本的12.03%,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水占总样本的87.97%。承压水Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水占总样本的10.83%,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水占总样本的89.17%。该方法评价结果与综合指数法结果一致率达95%,因此,评价结果可为该区水资源管理提供科学指导。  相似文献   

江汉平原西部浅层孔隙水水文地球化学特征          下载免费PDF全文

何军  肖攀  彭轲  许珂 《中国地质调查》2014,6(5):36-42

为了揭示地下水由江汉平原周缘向中心径流过程中的水质演化和复杂的水文地球化学作用,以江汉平原西部地区为例,通过数理统计、水化学、同位素地球化学、离子比值关系等方法,开展了江汉平原西部边缘地带浅层孔隙地下水的水文地球化学特征研究。结果表明: 平原区孔隙水以HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主,丘岗区(丘陵和岗地)主要是HCO₃-Ca·Mg型,少量为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型,还出现了HCO₃·NO₃-Ca·Mg型水,总溶解固体(total dissolved solids,TDS)升高主要是由于碳酸盐岩的溶解; 浅层孔隙水均来源于大气降水,蒸发作用对该地区孔隙水的影响较小; 方解石、白云石和石膏的溶解主导研究区的水文地球化学过程,也是孔隙水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的主要来源,Na⁺和K⁺的主要来源是阳离子交换吸附。  相似文献   

中国东北平原西部荒漠化现状、成因及其治理途径研究   总被引：28，自引：1，他引：27       下载免费PDF全文

裘善文  张柏  王志春 《第四纪研究》2005,25(1):63-73

中国东北平原西部土地荒漠化,主要表现为土地沙漠化和土地盐碱化,它属于荒漠化的两种类型。东北 平原西部分布着科尔沁沙地和松嫩沙地,前者是全国五大沙漠之一。文章全面、系统地对该地区编制了 1∶1000000荒漠化图和量算出土地沙漠化面积。东北平原西部土地沙漠化面积为72280.6km²,占土地总面积的 22.2%。自20世纪50年代至80年代末,土地沙漠化面积迅速扩大,平均每年以1.5%～3.7%的速度递增;自9 年代以来,沙漠化呈现出逆转趋势,但就总体而言,沙漠化发展仍然大于逆转。东北平原西部土地盐碱化面积 33850.79km²,占土地总面积10.44%,主要分布在松嫩平原,面积为23329.19km²,占土地总面积15.2%,它是世 界上苏打盐碱化土壤的三大片之一,土地盐碱化每年以1.4%～2.5%速率正在发展。所以,该地区的土地荒漠化 不仅制约着当地农、牧业和农村经济的发展,影响周围和毗邻国家的生态环境安全,而且已危及当地人民的生存。 东北平原西部荒漠化的形成有自然因素和人为因素,前者有物源和气候变化等原因,后者有草原超载过牧、滥 垦、滥伐滥櫵、乱挖,河流上中游修建水库等原因,以及冻融作用的特殊原因,致使荒漠化形成和发展。文章总结了 该地区沙漠化正、逆过程的演变,并提出荒漠化的治理应根据荒漠化  相似文献   

ESTIMATION AND EXPLOITATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN     

郭大本 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1991,1(2):141-153

According to practical measurement and related data, the writer discusses the main features of rivers in the Sanjiang Plain and the change of water balance with time and space, and then estimates water resources of five types, namely, runoff, ground water, soil water, and water supplied by three rivers and lakes (or reservoirs).The total volume of the above-mentioned water resources can be up to 31.5 billion m3. But they are rather unevenly distributed and the annual change is considerable, too. Up to now, only 8.3% of water resources have been utilized. According to a programme, 17.5 billion m3 will be utilized in the future in the district. Rationally exploiting water resources in the district should be combined with protection and management, and the sole criterion for judging rationality of utilization is that whether it is beneficial to economic, ecologic and social aspects.  相似文献   

THE　DEVELOPMENT　AND　PROTECTION　OF　WETLANDS　IN　THE　FOUR　LAKE　AREA　OF　JIANGHAN　PLAIN     

蔡述明 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1995,5(3):242-247

ＴＨＥＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＰＲＯＴＥＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＷＥＴＬＡＮＤＳＩＮＴＨＥＦＯＵＲＬＡＫＥＡＲＥＡＯＦＪＩＡＮＧＨＡＮＰＬＡＩＮＣａｉＳｈｕｍｉｎｇ（蔡述明）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｄｅｓｙａｎｄＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅ...  相似文献   

Simulation of groundwater dynamics in the North China Plain by coupled hydrology and agricultural models     

Tadanobu Nakayama  Yonghui Yang  Masataka Watanabe  Xiying Zhang 《水文研究》2006,20(16):3441-3466

We simulated the effects of irrigation on groundwater flow dynamics in the North China Plain by coupling the NIES Integrated Catchment‐based Ecohydrology (NICE) model with DSSAT‐wheat and DSSAT‐maize, two agricultural models. This combined model (NICE‐AGR) was applied to the Hai River catchment and the lower reach of the Yellow River (530 km wide by 840 km long) at a resolution of 5 km. It reproduced excellently the soil moisture, evapotranspiration and crop production of summer maize and winter wheat, correctly estimating crop water use. So, the spatial distribution of crop water use was reasonably estimated at daily steps in the simulation area. In particular, NICE‐AGR reproduced groundwater levels better than the use of statistical water use data. This indicates that NICE‐AGR does not need detailed statistical data on water use, making it very powerful for evaluating and estimating the water dynamics of catchments with little statistical data on seasonal water use. Furthermore, the simulation reproduced the spatial distribution of groundwater level in 1987 and 1988 in the Hebei Plain, showing a major reduction of groundwater level due mainly to overpumping for irrigation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献